TY - JOUR
T1 - Vitamin D deficiency is associated with IL-6 levels and monocyte activation in HIV-infected persons
AU - Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective Antiretroviral Therapy (the 'SUN Study') Investigators
AU - Manion, Maura
AU - Hullsiek, Katherine Huppler
AU - Wilson, Eleanor M.P.
AU - Rhame, Frank
AU - Kojic, Erna
AU - Gibson, David
AU - Hammer, John
AU - Patel, Pragna
AU - Brooks, John T.
AU - Baker, Jason V.
AU - Sereti, Irini
AU - Carpenter, Charles
AU - Henry, Keith
AU - Overton, E. Turner
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
PY - 2017/5
Y1 - 2017/5
N2 - Background Immune activation plays a key role in HIV pathogenesis. Markers of inflammation have been associated with Vitamin D deficiency in the general population. Studies have also demonstrated associations of Vitamin D deficiency with increased risk of HIV progression and death. The relationship between persistent inflammation and immune activation during chronic HIV infection and Vitamin D deficiency remains unclear. Methods Cryopreserved specimens were analyzed from 663 participants at the time of enrollment from the Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (SUN Study) from 2004 to 2006. Biomarkers of inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coagulation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and electrochemiluminescence. 25(OH)D, the stable precursor form of Vitamin D, was measured using a radioimmunoassay with levels defined as: normal (≥30ng/mL), insufficient (20-29 ng/mL) and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Monocyte phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine statistical associations between biomarkers and Vitamin D deficiency. Results 25(OH)D levels were deficient in 251 (38%) participants, insufficient in 222 (34%), and normal in 190 (29%). Patients with Vitamin D deficiency, when compared to those with insufficient or normal Vitamin D levels, had increased levels of IL-6 (23%; p<0.01), TNF-α (21%, p = 0.03), D-dimer (24%, p = 0.01), higher proportions of CD14dimCD16+ (22%, p<0.01) and CX3CR1+ monocytes (48%; p<0.001) and decreased frequency of CCR2+ monocytes (-3.4%, p<0.001). In fully adjusted models, Vitamin D associations with abnormal biomarker levels persisted for IL-6 levels and CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ phenotypes. Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater inflammation and activated monocyte phenotypes. The role of Vitamin D deficiency in persistent immune activation and associated complications during chronic HIV disease should be further evaluated as a possible target for intervention.
AB - Background Immune activation plays a key role in HIV pathogenesis. Markers of inflammation have been associated with Vitamin D deficiency in the general population. Studies have also demonstrated associations of Vitamin D deficiency with increased risk of HIV progression and death. The relationship between persistent inflammation and immune activation during chronic HIV infection and Vitamin D deficiency remains unclear. Methods Cryopreserved specimens were analyzed from 663 participants at the time of enrollment from the Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (SUN Study) from 2004 to 2006. Biomarkers of inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coagulation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and electrochemiluminescence. 25(OH)D, the stable precursor form of Vitamin D, was measured using a radioimmunoassay with levels defined as: normal (≥30ng/mL), insufficient (20-29 ng/mL) and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Monocyte phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine statistical associations between biomarkers and Vitamin D deficiency. Results 25(OH)D levels were deficient in 251 (38%) participants, insufficient in 222 (34%), and normal in 190 (29%). Patients with Vitamin D deficiency, when compared to those with insufficient or normal Vitamin D levels, had increased levels of IL-6 (23%; p<0.01), TNF-α (21%, p = 0.03), D-dimer (24%, p = 0.01), higher proportions of CD14dimCD16+ (22%, p<0.01) and CX3CR1+ monocytes (48%; p<0.001) and decreased frequency of CCR2+ monocytes (-3.4%, p<0.001). In fully adjusted models, Vitamin D associations with abnormal biomarker levels persisted for IL-6 levels and CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ phenotypes. Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater inflammation and activated monocyte phenotypes. The role of Vitamin D deficiency in persistent immune activation and associated complications during chronic HIV disease should be further evaluated as a possible target for intervention.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85019005220&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0175517
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0175517
M3 - Article
C2 - 28464004
AN - SCOPUS:85019005220
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 12
JO - PLoS ONE
JF - PLoS ONE
IS - 5
M1 - e0175517
ER -