@article{01f976efd96e4708adcb6f0ec0949a29,
title = "Visual analysis of geocoded twin data puts nature and nurture on the map",
abstract = "Twin studies allow us to estimate the relative contributions of nature and nurture to human phenotypes by comparing the resemblance of identical and fraternal twins. Variation in complex traits is a balance of genetic and environmental influences; these influences are typically estimated at a population level. However, what if the balance of nature and nurture varies depending on where we grow up? Here we use statistical and visual analysis of geocoded data from over 6700 families to show that genetic and environmental contributions to 45 childhood cognitive and behavioral phenotypes vary geographically in the United Kingdom. This has implications for detecting environmental exposures that may interact with the genetic influences on complex traits, and for the statistical power of samples recruited for genetic association studies. More broadly, our experience demonstrates the potential for collaborative exploratory visualization to act as a lingua franca for large-scale interdisciplinary research.",
keywords = "environmental exposure, epidemiology, geocoding, statistical genetics, twin study, visualization",
author = "Davis, {O. S.P.} and Haworth, {C. M.A.} and Lewis, {C. M.} and R. Plomin",
note = "Funding Information: TEDS is supported by a program grant from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC; G0500079), and this research was partly supported by a grant from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH; HD44454). OSPD is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (WT088984). CMAH is supported by a research fellowship from the British Academy. The map image we adapted was supplied by Ordnance Survey OpenData (www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/opendata/). The spACE software uses the open source fonts Junction by Caroline Hadilaksono and Orbitron by Matt McInerney, both members of the League of Movable Type. We thank the 10 000 TEDS families, and the panel of experts in a wide range of fields who have contributed to our understanding of these data through collaborative visualization. The following TEDS researchers had a major role in the collection of the age 12 measures we have included: Yulia Kovas, Philip Dale, Stephen Petrill, Emma Hayiou-Thomas, Nicole Harlaar, Bonamy Oliver, Ken Hanscombe, Angelica Ronald, Essi Viding, Thalia Eley, Corina Greven, Andrew McMillan and Rachel Ogden. Special thanks to Sophia Docherty, Ken Hanscombe, Anton Enright{\textquoteright}s laboratory at the EBI, and the KCL Statistical Genetics Unit for helpful discussions.",
year = "2012",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1038/mp.2012.68",
language = "English",
volume = "17",
pages = "867--874",
journal = "Molecular Psychiatry",
issn = "1359-4184",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "9",
}