Virtual Surgical Planning in Facial Gender Affirming Surgery

Maria A. Mavrommatis; Katherine Liu; John Wilson IV; Joshua D. Rosenberg

doi:10.1007/s40136-025-00518-8

Virtual Surgical Planning in Facial Gender Affirming Surgery

Maria A. Mavrommatis, Katherine Liu, John Wilson IV, Joshua D. Rosenberg

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

Abstract

Purpose of Review: The goal of this paper is to review the philosophy, techniques and evidence supporting the utilization of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in facial gender affirming surgery (FGAS). Recent Findings: Evidence supporting utilization of VSP in FGAS describes potential benefits protecting key anatomy (including the base of the skull and the inferior alveolar nerve). Postoperative imaging of patients who underwent surgery with VSP have shown high degrees of accuracy in bone approximation and high degrees of patient satisfaction. Available evidence also suggests possible reductions in operative time and decreased intraoperative decision-making fatigue.

Original language	English
Article number	6
Journal	Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports
Volume	13
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-025-00518-8
State	Published - Dec 2025

Keywords

3D printing
Craniofacial surgery
Facial feminization
Gender affirmation
Virtual surgical planning

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10.1007/s40136-025-00518-8

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title = "Virtual Surgical Planning in Facial Gender Affirming Surgery",

abstract = "Purpose of Review: The goal of this paper is to review the philosophy, techniques and evidence supporting the utilization of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in facial gender affirming surgery (FGAS). Recent Findings: Evidence supporting utilization of VSP in FGAS describes potential benefits protecting key anatomy (including the base of the skull and the inferior alveolar nerve). Postoperative imaging of patients who underwent surgery with VSP have shown high degrees of accuracy in bone approximation and high degrees of patient satisfaction. Available evidence also suggests possible reductions in operative time and decreased intraoperative decision-making fatigue.",

keywords = "3D printing, Craniofacial surgery, Facial feminization, Gender affirmation, Virtual surgical planning",

author = "Mavrommatis, {Maria A.} and Katherine Liu and {Wilson IV}, John and Rosenberg, {Joshua D.}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.",

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T1 - Virtual Surgical Planning in Facial Gender Affirming Surgery

AU - Mavrommatis, Maria A.

AU - Liu, Katherine

AU - Wilson IV, John

AU - Rosenberg, Joshua D.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

PY - 2025/12

Y1 - 2025/12

N2 - Purpose of Review: The goal of this paper is to review the philosophy, techniques and evidence supporting the utilization of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in facial gender affirming surgery (FGAS). Recent Findings: Evidence supporting utilization of VSP in FGAS describes potential benefits protecting key anatomy (including the base of the skull and the inferior alveolar nerve). Postoperative imaging of patients who underwent surgery with VSP have shown high degrees of accuracy in bone approximation and high degrees of patient satisfaction. Available evidence also suggests possible reductions in operative time and decreased intraoperative decision-making fatigue.

AB - Purpose of Review: The goal of this paper is to review the philosophy, techniques and evidence supporting the utilization of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in facial gender affirming surgery (FGAS). Recent Findings: Evidence supporting utilization of VSP in FGAS describes potential benefits protecting key anatomy (including the base of the skull and the inferior alveolar nerve). Postoperative imaging of patients who underwent surgery with VSP have shown high degrees of accuracy in bone approximation and high degrees of patient satisfaction. Available evidence also suggests possible reductions in operative time and decreased intraoperative decision-making fatigue.

KW - 3D printing

KW - Craniofacial surgery

KW - Facial feminization

KW - Gender affirmation

KW - Virtual surgical planning

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DO - 10.1007/s40136-025-00518-8

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:85219619199

SN - 2167-583X

VL - 13

JO - Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports

JF - Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports

IS - 1

M1 - 6

ER -

Virtual Surgical Planning in Facial Gender Affirming Surgery

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Keywords

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