TY - JOUR
T1 - Urinary biomarkers of carcinogenic exposure among cigarette, waterpipe, and smokeless tobacco users and never users of tobacco in the Golestan cohort study
AU - Etemadi, Arash
AU - Poustchi, Hossein
AU - Chang, Cindy M.
AU - Blount, Benjamin C.
AU - Calafat, Antonia M.
AU - Wang, Lanqing
AU - De Jesus, Victor R.
AU - Pourshams, Akram
AU - Shakeri, Ramin
AU - Shiels, Meredith S.
AU - Inoue-Choi, Maki
AU - Ambrose, Bridget K.
AU - Christensen, Carol H.
AU - Wang, Baoguang
AU - Murphy, Gwen
AU - Ye, Xiaoyun
AU - Bhandari, Deepak
AU - Feng, Jun
AU - Xia, Baoyun
AU - Sosnoff, Connie S.
AU - Kamangar, Farin
AU - Brennan, Paul
AU - Boffetta, Paolo
AU - Dawsey, Sanford M.
AU - Abnet, Christian C.
AU - Malekzadeh, Reza
AU - Freedman, Neal D.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 American Association for Cancer Research.
PY - 2019/2
Y1 - 2019/2
N2 - Background: How carcinogen exposure varies across users of different, particularly noncigarette, tobacco products remains poorly understood. Methods: We randomly selected 165 participants of the Golestan Cohort Study from northeastern Iran: 60 never users of any tobacco, 35 exclusive cigarette, 40 exclusive (78% daily) waterpipe, and 30 exclusive smokeless tobacco (nass) users. We measured concentrations of 39 biomarkers of exposure in 4 chemical classes in baseline urine samples: tobacco alkaloids, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and volatile organic compounds (VOC). We also quantified the same biomarkers in a second urine sample, obtained 5 years later, among continuing cigarette smokers and never tobacco users. Results: Nass users had the highest concentrations of tobacco alkaloids. All tobacco users had elevated TSNA concentrations, which correlated with nicotine dose. In both cigarette and waterpipe smokers, PAH and VOC biomarkers were higher than never tobacco users and nass users, and highly correlated with nicotine dose. PAH biomarkers of phenanthrene and pyrene and two VOC metabolites (phenylmercapturic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid) were higher in waterpipe smokers than in all other groups. PAH biomarkers among Golestan never tobacco users were comparable to those in U.S. cigarette smokers. All biomarkers had moderate to good correlations over 5 years, particularly in continuing cigarette smokers. Conclusions: We observed two patterns of exposure biomarkers that differentiated the use of the combustible products (cigarettes and waterpipe) from the smokeless product. Environmental exposure from nontobacco sources appeared to contribute to the presence of high levels of PAH metabolites in the Golestan Cohort. Impact: Most of these biomarkers would be useful for exposure assessment in a longitudinal study.
AB - Background: How carcinogen exposure varies across users of different, particularly noncigarette, tobacco products remains poorly understood. Methods: We randomly selected 165 participants of the Golestan Cohort Study from northeastern Iran: 60 never users of any tobacco, 35 exclusive cigarette, 40 exclusive (78% daily) waterpipe, and 30 exclusive smokeless tobacco (nass) users. We measured concentrations of 39 biomarkers of exposure in 4 chemical classes in baseline urine samples: tobacco alkaloids, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and volatile organic compounds (VOC). We also quantified the same biomarkers in a second urine sample, obtained 5 years later, among continuing cigarette smokers and never tobacco users. Results: Nass users had the highest concentrations of tobacco alkaloids. All tobacco users had elevated TSNA concentrations, which correlated with nicotine dose. In both cigarette and waterpipe smokers, PAH and VOC biomarkers were higher than never tobacco users and nass users, and highly correlated with nicotine dose. PAH biomarkers of phenanthrene and pyrene and two VOC metabolites (phenylmercapturic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid) were higher in waterpipe smokers than in all other groups. PAH biomarkers among Golestan never tobacco users were comparable to those in U.S. cigarette smokers. All biomarkers had moderate to good correlations over 5 years, particularly in continuing cigarette smokers. Conclusions: We observed two patterns of exposure biomarkers that differentiated the use of the combustible products (cigarettes and waterpipe) from the smokeless product. Environmental exposure from nontobacco sources appeared to contribute to the presence of high levels of PAH metabolites in the Golestan Cohort. Impact: Most of these biomarkers would be useful for exposure assessment in a longitudinal study.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85061149688&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0743
DO - 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0743
M3 - Article
C2 - 30622099
AN - SCOPUS:85061149688
SN - 1055-9965
VL - 28
SP - 337
EP - 347
JO - Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention
JF - Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention
IS - 2
ER -