Treatment of regionally advanced bladder cancer: An overview

The finding of muscle-infiltrative bladder cancer is generally considered ominous, as 50% of patients who present with this condition are likely to develop distant metastases within 2 years. However, some types of infiltrative bladder cancer appear to have a less ominous prognosis. In order to assess the results of various therapies on regionally advanced bladder cancer, it is important to characterize the distinctions between the types with a poor prognosis (5-year survival rate 15% to 30%) and those with a better prognosis (5-year survival rate 50% to 85%). The former have a nodular architecture, infiltrate more deeply and in a tentacular pattern, and more often involve the bladder wall vasculature and lymphatics than does the latter type, which has papillary architecture and infiltrates on a broad front. These two types appear to respond differently to various treatments except systemic chemotherapy.