TY - JOUR
T1 - The syndromic triad of COVID-19, type 2 diabetes, and malnutrition
AU - Mechanick, Jeffrey I.
AU - Christofides, Elena A.
AU - Marchetti, Albert E.
AU - Hoddy, Kristin K.
AU - Joachim, Jim
AU - Hegazi, Refaat
AU - Hamdy, Osama
N1 - Funding Information:
This study received funding from Abbott Nutrition. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, and the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2023 Mechanick, Christofides, Marchetti, Hoddy, Joachim, Hegazi and Hamdy.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenges our collective understanding of transmission, prevention, complications, and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Risk factors for severe infection, morbidity, and mortality are associated with age, environment, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and interventional timing. Clinical investigations report an intriguing association of COVID-19 with diabetes mellitus and malnutrition but incompletely describe the triphasic relationship, its mechanistic pathways, and potential therapeutic approaches to address each malady and their underlying metabolic disorders. This narrative review highlights common chronic disease states that interact epidemiologically and mechanistically with the COVID-19 to create a syndromic phenotype—the COVID-Related Cardiometabolic Syndrome—linking cardiometabolic-based chronic disease drivers with pre-, acute, and chronic/post-COVID-19 disease stages. Since the association of nutritional disorders with COVID-19 and cardiometabolic risk factors is well established, a syndromic triad of COVID-19, type 2 diabetes, and malnutrition is hypothesized that can direct, inform, and optimize care. In this review, each of the three edges of this network is uniquely summarized, nutritional therapies discussed, and a structure for early preventive care proposed. Concerted efforts to identify malnutrition in patients with COVID-19 and elevated metabolic risks are needed and can be followed by improved dietary management while simultaneously addressing dysglycemia-based chronic disease and malnutrition-based chronic disease.
AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenges our collective understanding of transmission, prevention, complications, and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Risk factors for severe infection, morbidity, and mortality are associated with age, environment, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and interventional timing. Clinical investigations report an intriguing association of COVID-19 with diabetes mellitus and malnutrition but incompletely describe the triphasic relationship, its mechanistic pathways, and potential therapeutic approaches to address each malady and their underlying metabolic disorders. This narrative review highlights common chronic disease states that interact epidemiologically and mechanistically with the COVID-19 to create a syndromic phenotype—the COVID-Related Cardiometabolic Syndrome—linking cardiometabolic-based chronic disease drivers with pre-, acute, and chronic/post-COVID-19 disease stages. Since the association of nutritional disorders with COVID-19 and cardiometabolic risk factors is well established, a syndromic triad of COVID-19, type 2 diabetes, and malnutrition is hypothesized that can direct, inform, and optimize care. In this review, each of the three edges of this network is uniquely summarized, nutritional therapies discussed, and a structure for early preventive care proposed. Concerted efforts to identify malnutrition in patients with COVID-19 and elevated metabolic risks are needed and can be followed by improved dietary management while simultaneously addressing dysglycemia-based chronic disease and malnutrition-based chronic disease.
KW - COVID-19
KW - COVID-related cardiometabolic syndrome
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - cardiometabolic
KW - cardiometabolic-based chronic disease
KW - coronavirus
KW - malnutrition
KW - type 2 diabetes
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85149622574&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fnut.2023.1122203
DO - 10.3389/fnut.2023.1122203
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85149622574
SN - 2296-861X
VL - 10
JO - Frontiers in Nutrition
JF - Frontiers in Nutrition
M1 - 1122203
ER -