The Role of Vitamin D in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Vitamin D is an important steroid hormone obtained via exposure to sunlight and from dietary intake. Vitamin D is important for the regulation of calcium, phosphorus, bone mineralization and remodeling, bone growth, immune function, cardiovascular function, and brain function. Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and may increase the risk of opportunistic infections and other chronic medical conditions. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may affect vitamin D metabolism and vitamin D levels and may contribute to certain conditions in patients with HIV on HAART. Vitamin D levels should therefore be assessed in patients with HIV infection. Further studies are needed in areas of vitamin D and bone health, cancer, mental illness, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and other chronic diseases in patients with HIV.