The promise of selective aldosterone receptor antagonists for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure

Inappropriate elevations in plasma aldosterone levels have multiple actions that play an important role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and heart failure. Patients with hypertensive cardiovascular disease are at increased risk for coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Despite long-term treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker, aldosterone levels usually remain high in these patients. The effectiveness of low-dose spironolactone raises the possibility that a nonselective aldosterone antagonist can block the deleterious effects of aldosterone on the cardiovascular system. However, side effects limit the use of this drug in many patients. The advent of selective aldosterone antagonists, which have a lower affinity for androgen and progesterone receptors, should minimize these side effects, leading to better compliance.