Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic event that results in physical disability and impaired function of various organ systems. The field of SCI has grown at an unprecedented rate. Great progress has occurred in the management of SCI and its associated conditions. Because of advances in clinical practice, people with SCI have increased life expectancy. Morbidity is reduced as well, as reflected in reduced hospital length of stay following SCI and fewer rehospitalizations during follow-up years. Spasticity can be effectively managed, and male fertility is much improved. Application of modern technology has enhanced the function and quality of life of many persons with SCI. The International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of SCI have been adapted worldwide as the preferred assessment instrument of persons with SCI seeking clinical care and for those participating in research studies. Current wheelchair designs and seating systems are far superior to older models and permit increased mobility. People with disability now use computers, tablets, and smartphones in their daily lives for recreational, education, and vocational purposes with great success. Advances in technology and engineering have made it possible to develop systems for standing and stepping with exoskeletal walking devices, allowing many individuals with SCI to ambulate whereas previously they would not have been able to do so.