Specific regulation of BACH1 by the hotspot mutant p53^R175H reveals a distinct gain-of-function mechanism

Although the gain of function (GOF) of p53 mutants is well recognized, it remains unclear whether different p53 mutants share the same cofactors to induce GOFs. In a proteomic screen, we identified BACH1 as a cellular factor that recognizes the p53 DNA-binding domain depending on its mutation status. BACH1 strongly interacts with p53^R175H but fails to effectively bind wild-type p53 or other hotspot mutants in vivo for functional regulation. Notably, p53^R175H acts as a repressor for ferroptosis by abrogating BACH1-mediated downregulation of SLC7A11 to enhance tumor growth; conversely, p53^R175H promotes BACH1-dependent tumor metastasis by upregulating expression of pro-metastatic targets. Mechanistically, p53^R175H-mediated bidirectional regulation of BACH1 function is dependent on its ability to recruit the histone demethylase LSD2 to target promoters and differentially modulate transcription. These data demonstrate that BACH1 acts as a unique partner for p53^R175H in executing its specific GOFs and suggest that different p53 mutants induce their GOFs through distinct mechanisms.