TY - JOUR
T1 - Smoking addiction and the risk of upper-aerodigestive-tract cancer in a multicenter case-control study
AU - Lee, Yuan Chin Amy
AU - Zugna, Daniela
AU - Richiardi, Lorenzo
AU - Merletti, Franco
AU - Marron, Manuela
AU - Ahrens, Wolfgang
AU - Pohlabeln, Hermann
AU - Lagiou, Pagona
AU - Trichopoulos, Dimitrios
AU - Agudo, Antonio
AU - Castellsague, Xavier
AU - Betka, Jaroslav
AU - Holcatova, Ivana
AU - Kjaerheim, Kristina
AU - Macfarlane, Gary J.
AU - Macfarlane, Tatiana V.
AU - Talamini, Renato
AU - Barzan, Luigi
AU - Canova, Cristina
AU - Simonato, Lorenzo
AU - Conway, David I.
AU - McKinney, Patricia A.
AU - Thomson, Peter
AU - Znaor, Ariana
AU - Healy, Claire M.
AU - McCartan, Bernard E.
AU - Boffetta, Paolo
AU - Brennan, Paul
AU - Hashibe, Mia
PY - 2013/12/1
Y1 - 2013/12/1
N2 - Although previous studies on tobacco and alcohol and the risk of upper-aerodigestive-tract (UADT) cancers have clearly shown dose-response relations with the frequency and duration of tobacco and alcohol, studies on addiction to tobacco smoking itself as a risk factor for UADT cancer have not been published, to our knowledge. The aim of this report is to assess whether smoking addiction is an independent risk factor or a refinement to smoking variables (intensity and duration) for UADT squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) risk in the multicenter case-control study (ARCAGE) in Western Europe. The analyses included 1,586 ever smoking UADT SCC cases and 1,260 ever smoking controls. Addiction was measured by a modified Fagerström score (first cigarette after waking up, difficulty refraining from smoking in places where it is forbidden and cigarettes per day). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for UADT cancers with addiction variables were estimated with unconditional logistic regression. Among current smokers, the participants who smoked their first cigarette within 5 min of waking up were two times more likely to develop UADT SCC than those who smoked 60 min after waking up. Greater tobacco smoking addiction was associated with an increased risk of UADT SCC among current smokers (OR = 3.83, 95% CI: 2.56-5.73 for score of 3-7 vs. 0) but not among former smokers. These results may be consistent with a residual effect of smoking that was not captured by the questionnaire responses (smoking intensity and smoking duration) alone, suggesting addiction a refinement to smoking variables. What's new? Previous studies have clearly shown dose-response relationships between tobacco/alcohol use and the risk of upper-aerodigestive- tract (UADT) cancers, but these studies have focused only on the variables of frequency and duration of use. In this study, the authors asked whether addiction to smoking might be an independent risk factor. They found that addiction was indeed associated with UADT cancer risk among current smokers. This addiction-cancer association suggests that it is important to include questions that elicit information regarding smoking addiction when accounting for smoking effect through questionnaire information.
AB - Although previous studies on tobacco and alcohol and the risk of upper-aerodigestive-tract (UADT) cancers have clearly shown dose-response relations with the frequency and duration of tobacco and alcohol, studies on addiction to tobacco smoking itself as a risk factor for UADT cancer have not been published, to our knowledge. The aim of this report is to assess whether smoking addiction is an independent risk factor or a refinement to smoking variables (intensity and duration) for UADT squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) risk in the multicenter case-control study (ARCAGE) in Western Europe. The analyses included 1,586 ever smoking UADT SCC cases and 1,260 ever smoking controls. Addiction was measured by a modified Fagerström score (first cigarette after waking up, difficulty refraining from smoking in places where it is forbidden and cigarettes per day). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for UADT cancers with addiction variables were estimated with unconditional logistic regression. Among current smokers, the participants who smoked their first cigarette within 5 min of waking up were two times more likely to develop UADT SCC than those who smoked 60 min after waking up. Greater tobacco smoking addiction was associated with an increased risk of UADT SCC among current smokers (OR = 3.83, 95% CI: 2.56-5.73 for score of 3-7 vs. 0) but not among former smokers. These results may be consistent with a residual effect of smoking that was not captured by the questionnaire responses (smoking intensity and smoking duration) alone, suggesting addiction a refinement to smoking variables. What's new? Previous studies have clearly shown dose-response relationships between tobacco/alcohol use and the risk of upper-aerodigestive- tract (UADT) cancers, but these studies have focused only on the variables of frequency and duration of use. In this study, the authors asked whether addiction to smoking might be an independent risk factor. They found that addiction was indeed associated with UADT cancer risk among current smokers. This addiction-cancer association suggests that it is important to include questions that elicit information regarding smoking addiction when accounting for smoking effect through questionnaire information.
KW - Fagerström
KW - smoking addiction
KW - upper-aerodigestive-tract cancer
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84884904558
U2 - 10.1002/ijc.28288
DO - 10.1002/ijc.28288
M3 - Article
C2 - 23719996
AN - SCOPUS:84884904558
SN - 0020-7136
VL - 133
SP - 2688
EP - 2695
JO - International Journal of Cancer
JF - International Journal of Cancer
IS - 11
ER -