TY - JOUR
T1 - Skin Bleaching and Dermatologic Health of African and Afro-Caribbean Populations in the US
T2 - New Directions for Methodologically Rigorous, Multidisciplinary, and Culturally Sensitive Research
AU - Benn, Emma K.T.
AU - Alexis, Andrew
AU - Mohamed, Nihal
AU - Wang, Yan Hong
AU - Khan, Ikhlas A.
AU - Liu, Bian
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016, The Author(s).
PY - 2016/12/1
Y1 - 2016/12/1
N2 - Skin-bleaching practices, such as using skin creams and soaps to achieve a lighter skin tone, are common throughout the world and are triggered by cosmetic reasons that oftentimes have deep historical, economic, sociocultural, and psychosocial roots. Exposure to chemicals in the bleaching products, notably, mercury (Hg), hydroquinone, and steroids, has been associated with a variety of adverse health effects, such as Hg poisoning and exogenous ochronosis. In New York City (NYC), skin care product use has been identified as an important route of Hg exposure, especially among Caribbean-born blacks and Dominicans. However, surprisingly sparse information is available on the epidemiology of the health impacts of skin-bleaching practices among these populations. We highlight the dearth of large-scale, comprehensive, community-based, clinical, and translational research in this area, especially the limited skin-bleaching-related research among non-White populations in the US. We offer five new research directions, including investigating the known and under-studied health consequences among populations for which the skin bleach practice is newly emerging at an alarming rate using innovative laboratory and statistical methods. We call for conducting methodologically rigorous, multidisciplinary, and culturally sensitive research in order to provide insights into the root and the epidemiological status of the practice and provide evidence of exposure-outcome associations, with an ultimate goal of developing potential intervention strategies to reduce the health burdens of skin-bleaching practice.
AB - Skin-bleaching practices, such as using skin creams and soaps to achieve a lighter skin tone, are common throughout the world and are triggered by cosmetic reasons that oftentimes have deep historical, economic, sociocultural, and psychosocial roots. Exposure to chemicals in the bleaching products, notably, mercury (Hg), hydroquinone, and steroids, has been associated with a variety of adverse health effects, such as Hg poisoning and exogenous ochronosis. In New York City (NYC), skin care product use has been identified as an important route of Hg exposure, especially among Caribbean-born blacks and Dominicans. However, surprisingly sparse information is available on the epidemiology of the health impacts of skin-bleaching practices among these populations. We highlight the dearth of large-scale, comprehensive, community-based, clinical, and translational research in this area, especially the limited skin-bleaching-related research among non-White populations in the US. We offer five new research directions, including investigating the known and under-studied health consequences among populations for which the skin bleach practice is newly emerging at an alarming rate using innovative laboratory and statistical methods. We call for conducting methodologically rigorous, multidisciplinary, and culturally sensitive research in order to provide insights into the root and the epidemiological status of the practice and provide evidence of exposure-outcome associations, with an ultimate goal of developing potential intervention strategies to reduce the health burdens of skin-bleaching practice.
KW - Clinical research
KW - Dermatology
KW - Environmental health
KW - Skin bleaching
KW - Skin of color
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84996844258&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s13555-016-0154-1
DO - 10.1007/s13555-016-0154-1
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84996844258
SN - 2190-9172
VL - 6
SP - 453
EP - 459
JO - Dermatology and Therapy
JF - Dermatology and Therapy
IS - 4
ER -