‘Secondary’ acute lymphoblastic/lymphocytic leukemia - done playing second fiddle?

Acute lymphoblastic/lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) occurring post-cancer diagnosis (secondary ALL - sALL) is increasingly recognized as a discrete entity, constituting up to as much as 5–10% of all new ALL diagnoses, and carrying its own biologic, prognostic and therapeutic significance. In this review, we will outline the history and current state of research into sALL. We will explore the evidence for differences underlining its existence as a distinct subgroup, as well as examining what might be driving such differences etiologically, including prior chemotherapy. We will examine these distinctions on population-, chromosomal-, and molecular-levels, and we will consider whether they translate to differences in clinical outcome, and whether they do - or should - warrant differences in treatment selection.