@article{38bdd9852b054ed8963da5769de74646,
title = "SARS-CoV-2-infection- and vaccine-induced antibody responses are long lasting with an initial waning phase followed by a stabilization phase",
abstract = "It is thought that mRNA-based vaccine-induced immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) wanes quickly, based mostly on short-term studies. Here, we analyzed the kinetics and durability of the humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination using >8,000 longitudinal samples collected over a 3-year period in New York City. Upon primary immunization, participants with pre-existing immunity mounted higher antibody responses faster and achieved higher steady-state antibody titers than naive individuals. Antibody kinetics were characterized by two phases: an initial rapid decay, followed by a stabilization phase with very slow decay. Booster vaccination equalized the differences in antibody concentration between participants with and without hybrid immunity, but the peak antibody titers decreased with each successive antigen exposure. Breakthrough infections increased antibodies to similar titers as an additional vaccine dose in naive individuals. Our study provides strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses are long lasting, with initial waning followed by stabilization.",
keywords = "COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 immunity, SARS-CoV-2 variants, antibodies, breakthrough infections, durability, hybrid immunity, longitudinal study, modeling antibody kinetics, reactogenicity",
author = "{PARIS Study Group} and Komal Srivastava and Carre{\~n}o, {Juan Manuel} and Charles Gleason and Brian Monahan and Gagandeep Singh and Anass Abbad and Johnstone Tcheou and Ariel Raskin and Giulio Kleiner and {van Bakel}, Harm and Sordillo, {Emilia Mia} and Hala Alshammary and Amoako, {Angela A.} and Dalles Andre and Mahmoud Awawda and Berm{\'u}dez-Gonz{\'a}lez, {Maria C.} and Beach, {Katherine F.} and Dominika Bielak and Cai, {Gianna Y.} and Chernet, {Rachel L.} and Christian Cognigni and Yuexing Chen and Eaker, {Lily Q.} and Ferreri, {Emily D.} and Floda, {Daniel L.} and Miriam Fried and Hamburger, {Joshua Z.} and Denise Jurczyszak and Kang, {Hyun Min} and Neko Lyttle and Matthews, {Julia C.} and Jacob Mauldin and Mendez, {Wanni A.} and Jacob Mischka and Sara Morris and Mulder, {Lubbertus C.F.} and Ismail Nabeel and Nardulli, {Jessica R.} and Jose Polanco and Annika Oostenink and Aria Rooker and Russo, {Kayla T.} and Salimbangon, {Ashley Beathrese} and Saksena, {Miti S.} and Shin, {Amber A.} and Sominsky, {Levy A.} and Daniel Stadlbauer and Ania Wajnberg and Florian Krammer and Viviana Simon",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 The Authors",
year = "2024",
month = mar,
day = "12",
doi = "10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.017",
language = "English",
volume = "57",
pages = "587--599.e4",
journal = "Immunity",
issn = "1074-7613",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "3",
}