Safety and Efficacy of Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation or Venous Thromboembolism and End-Stage renal disease on hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Apixaban, End-Stage Renal Disease

Background: Warfarin is traditionally the drug of choice for stroke prophylaxis or treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis as data on apixaban use is scarce. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of Apixaban in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis when compared with warfarin. Methods: A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases from inception until Nov 25, 2019, was performed. Studies reporting clinical outcomes comparing Apixaban (2.5 mg BID or 5 mg BID) versus Warfarin in ESRD patients on hemodialysis were included. Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio (RR) random-effects model was used to summarize data. Results: Four studies (three retrospective and one randomized) with a total of 9862 patients (apixaban = 2,547, warfarin = 7315) met inclusion criteria. The overall mean age was 66.6 ± 3.9 years and mean CHA2DS2-VASc score 4.56 ± 0.58. Apixaban was associated with lower rates of major bleeding (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.45–0.64, p < 0.0001], gastrointestinal (GI) bleed (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55–0.76, p < 0.0001), intracranial bleed (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36–0.89, p = 0.01), and stroke/systemic embolism [RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52–0.83, p = 0.0004] compared with warfarin in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis. There was no significant increased risk of all-cause mortality with the apixaban vs. warfarin (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.41–1.96, p = 0.78). Conclusion: Apixaban had an overall favorable risk-benefit profile, with significant reductions in ischemic stroke, major bleeding, and intracranial bleeding compared to Warfarin in ESRD patients on hemodialysis with non-valvular AF and/or venous thromboembolism.