Prostate cancer disparities in Hispanics by country of origin: a nationwide population-based analysis

Background: We sought to evaluate prostate cancer (PCa) characteristics and outcomes of Hispanics living in the United States by country of origin in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 72,134 adult Hispanics with PCa between 1995 and 2014. Origin was Mexican (N = 16,995; 24%), South/Central American (N = 6949; 10%), Puerto Rican (N = 3582; 5%), Cuban (N = 2587; 4%), Dominican (N = 725; 1%), Hispanic not specified (NOS, N = 41,296; 57%), as coded by SEER. Patient and PCa characteristics were analyzed with chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Overall and PCa survival were analyzed with Kaplan–Meier and Cox models adjusting for baseline variables. Results: At diagnosis, Mexicans had more advanced stage, higher prostate-specific antigen, and higher Gleason score while Cubans and Dominicans had more favorable PCa at diagnosis (all P < 0.05). After a median follow-up of 69 months, 20,317 men died, including 6223 PCa deaths. Compared to Mexicans, Cubans (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = [1.14–1.30]) and Puerto Ricans (HR = 1.15 [1.08–1.22]) had worse overall survival while Dominicans (HR = 0.76 [0.64–0.91]), South/Central Americans (HR = 0.68 [0.65–0.72]), and NOS (HR = 0.81 [0.78–0.84]) had better overall survival. Compared to Mexicans, Cubans (HR = 1.08 [0.96–1.22]) and Puerto Ricans (HR = 1.03 [0.92–1.15]) had similar PCa survival while Dominicans (HR = 0.72 [0.53–0.98]), South/Central Americans (HR = 0.67 [0.60–0.74]), and NOS (HR = 0.68 [0.64–0.73]) had significantly better PCa survival. Conclusions: Among Hispanics in the United States, disparities in PCa characteristics and survival by country of origin exist, with Dominicans, South/Central Americans, and Hispanic NOS having better PCa survival compared to Mexicans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans.