Pediatric myocardial protection in the United States: A survey of current clinical practice

A nationwide survey of institutions in the United States that perform congenital heart disease surgery was conducted to obtain an overview of the current use of myocardial protection in pediatric patients (aged 0-16 years). One hundred and one (55%) of 183 institutions responded, completing a 4-page questionnaire about pediatric cases in 1989. A total of 12072 cases were represented. Caseloads ranged from 7 to 498 at these institutions (mean 124, median 30). Cardioplegia was used by 100 institutions (44 blood, 45 crystalloid, 11 both). Administration was guided by formulas alone in 69 and by clinical criteria alone in 32. A wide variety of compositions of cardioplegic solutions was found with no preference for any particular type. No correlation between caseloads and cardioplegic solutions was found. Hypothermia was used by all institutions, with a mean of 25.8±3.5°C for a simple ventricular septal defect closure. Deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest were used in 3048 cases (25.2%). A clear trend indicated that circulatory arrest was used more frequently in larger institutions (p<0.0001). Fibrillation as a strategy was used in 45 institutions. Twenty-five institutions changed cardioplegia technique during 1989. The findings suggest that, even though no consensus exists about its ideal composition, cardioplegia in conjunction with hypothermia is currently the strategy most often used for pediatric myocardial protection.