TY - JOUR
T1 - Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood
T2 - Results from the national comorbidity survey replication
AU - Kessler, Ronald C.
AU - Adler, Lenard A.
AU - Barkley, Russell
AU - Biederman, Joseph
AU - Conners, C. Keith
AU - Faraone, Stephen V.
AU - Greenhill, Laurence L.
AU - Jaeger, Savina
AU - Secnik, Kristina
AU - Spencer, Thomas
AU - Üstün, T. Bedirhan
AU - Zaslavsky, Alan M.
N1 - Funding Information:
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; U01-MH60220) with supplemental support from the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant # 044780), and the John W. Alden Trust. Additional support for the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) screening scale validation re-interviews was provided by an unrestricted educational grant from the Eli Lilly Company.
Funding Information:
We thank the staff of the WMH Data Collection and Data Analysis Coordination Centres for assistance with instrumentation, fieldwork, and consultation on data analysis. These activities were supported by The National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH070884), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation, the United States Public Health Service (1R13MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558), Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc. and the Pan American Health Organization. A complete list of WMH publications and instruments can be found at ( http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh ). American Psychiatric Association 1994
PY - 2005/6/1
Y1 - 2005/6/1
N2 - Background: Despite growing interest in adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about predictors of persistence of childhood cases into adulthood. Methods: A retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, childhood risk factors, and a screen for adult ADHD were included in a sample of 3197 18-44 year old respondents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Blinded adult ADHD clinical reappraisal interviews were administered to a sub-sample of respondents. Multiple imputation (MI) was used to estimate adult persistence of childhood ADHD. Logistic regression was used to study retrospectively reported childhood predictors of persistence. Potential predictors included socio-demographics, childhood ADHD severity, childhood adversity, traumatic life experiences, and comorbid DSM-IV child-adolescent disorders (anxiety, mood, impulse-control, and substance disorders). Results: Blinded clinical interviews classified 36.3% of respondents with retrospectively assessed childhood ADHD as meeting DSM-IV criteria for current ADHD. Childhood ADHD severity and childhood treatment significantly predicted persistence. Controlling for severity and excluding treatment, none of the other variables significantly predicted persistence even though they were significantly associated with childhood ADHD. Conclusions: No modifiable risk factors were found for adult persistence of ADHD. Further research, ideally based on prospective general population samples, is needed to search for modifiable determinants of adult persistence of ADHD.
AB - Background: Despite growing interest in adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about predictors of persistence of childhood cases into adulthood. Methods: A retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, childhood risk factors, and a screen for adult ADHD were included in a sample of 3197 18-44 year old respondents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Blinded adult ADHD clinical reappraisal interviews were administered to a sub-sample of respondents. Multiple imputation (MI) was used to estimate adult persistence of childhood ADHD. Logistic regression was used to study retrospectively reported childhood predictors of persistence. Potential predictors included socio-demographics, childhood ADHD severity, childhood adversity, traumatic life experiences, and comorbid DSM-IV child-adolescent disorders (anxiety, mood, impulse-control, and substance disorders). Results: Blinded clinical interviews classified 36.3% of respondents with retrospectively assessed childhood ADHD as meeting DSM-IV criteria for current ADHD. Childhood ADHD severity and childhood treatment significantly predicted persistence. Controlling for severity and excluding treatment, none of the other variables significantly predicted persistence even though they were significantly associated with childhood ADHD. Conclusions: No modifiable risk factors were found for adult persistence of ADHD. Further research, ideally based on prospective general population samples, is needed to search for modifiable determinants of adult persistence of ADHD.
KW - Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
KW - Diagnosis and classification
KW - Epidemiology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=20444422495&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.001
DO - 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.001
M3 - Article
C2 - 15950019
AN - SCOPUS:20444422495
SN - 0006-3223
VL - 57
SP - 1442
EP - 1451
JO - Biological Psychiatry
JF - Biological Psychiatry
IS - 11
ER -