Orphaned ryanodine receptors in the failing heart

Heart muscle is characterized by a regular array of proteins and structures that form a repeating functional unit identified as the sarcomere. This regular structure enables tight coupling between electrical activity and Ca ²⁺ signaling. In heart failure, multiple cellular defects develop, including reduced contractility, altered Ca²⁺ signaling, and arrhythmias; however, the underlying causes of these defects are not well understood. Here, in ventricular myocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats that develop heart failure, we identify fundamental changes in Ca²⁺ signaling that are related to restructuring of the spatial organization of the cells. Myocytes display both a reduced ability to trigger sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ release and increased spatial dispersion of the transverse tubules (TTs). Remodeled TTs in cells from failing hearts no longer exist in the regularly organized structures found in normal heart cells, instead moving within the sarcomere away from the Z-line structures and leaving behind the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ release channels, the ryanodine receptors (RyRs). These orphaned RyRs appear to be responsible for the dyssynchronous Ca²⁺ sparks that have been linked to blunted contractility and, probably, Ca²⁺-dependent arrhythmias in diverse models of heart failure. We conclude that the increased spatial dispersion of the TTs and orphaned RyRs lead to the loss of local control and Ca²⁺ instability in heart failure.