Orientation of Aplysia californien to distant food sources

The behavior of the marine mollusc Aplysia was examined under different experimental conditions designed to determine the food searching strategy of the animals. In a small, open field tank with still water, the animals took an average of 42 min to find a piece of seaweed, even though the stimulus was never located more than 30 cm away from the animal. Observations of the animals indicated that their search was not directed, without a clear tendency towards the food, and during the course of a search, they often crawled through most of the area of the tank. The search time, the distance travelled, and the strategy of the search of the animals was similar for different types of seaweed. If animals were aroused into activity by the presence of seaweed extract, the time for them to contact a piece of odorless glass fiber paper in the open field was not significantly different than that for a piece of seaweed. The probability at which the animals contacted the seaweed, as a function of the distance travelled, resembled the detection probability determined according to a theory of random search. We thus propose that the aroused animals move in a random pattern until they are very close to the food. This strategy can be advantageous in still water since chemicals do not provide distinct gradients that can serve as cues for chemotactic orientation from distances greater than a few centimeters from the source. In a Y-maze in still water, Aplysia did not perform above chance in selecting the arm that contained the seaweed. In streaming water, the animals entered the arm that contained seaweed significantly above chance only if a large piece of seaweed was used, so as to provide a very strong stimulus. Similarly, presentation of a high concentration of glutamate or a high concentration of seaweed extract to one side of the animal could evoke turning towards the stimulus. In the Y-maze, animals that repeatedly entered and exited both arms before making a choice, performed better than those that went directly into one arm. We conclude that chemical food stimuli can evoke directed orientation only when the animal is very close to the stimulus (within a few centimeters, at most). For Aplysia, the role of distant chemical stimuli may not be to guide their orientation, but rather to evoke the food-induced arousal state. In this behavioral state, several behaviors, such as locomotion are altered, and these changes may provide the basis for locating food from a distance.