Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the sinonasal region, which are relatively uncommon but clinically very important, are reviewed here in the light of current knowledge. Using a definition for neuroendocrine based on phenotypic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic features rather than histogenetic criteria, sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas are examined with a particular emphasis on the small-cell and large-cell subtypes. This is followed by revisiting olfactory neuroblastoma because it is also a tumor that shows a neuroendocrine phenotype. Kadish clinical and Hyams histologic grading systems as prognosticators of olfactory neuroblastoma are also considered in detail. Finally, controversies regarding sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma as a neuroendocrine tumor are discussed and a possible relationship with high-grade olfactory neuroblastoma is explored. Genetic events and current management of these tumors are also outlined.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | E2259-E2266 |
Journal | Head and Neck |
Volume | 38 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 1 Apr 2016 |
Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- immunohistochemistry
- neuroendocrine neoplasms
- olfactory neuroblastoma
- sinonasal carcinoma
- sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma