TY - JOUR
T1 - Multiple sclerosis
T2 - Immunopathological heterogeneity and its implications
AU - Engelhardt, Britta
AU - Comabella, Manuel
AU - Chan, Andrew
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank our lab teams and clinical coworkers for their dedication. We thank people with MS that we have the privilege to counsel for their continuous support. Part of the work cited was funded by the Swiss National Fund (SNF no. 310030_172952) to AC. Open access funding provided by Inselspital Universitatsspital Bern.
Funding Information:
BE received a grant from Biogen to study extended dosing of Natalizumab on T‐cell migration across the blood–brain barrier and a grant from CSL Behring to investigate the molecular underpinnings of blood brain barrier dysfunction in neurological disorders. BE is a co‐inventor on provisional US patent applications related to the EECM‐BMEC‐like cells (63/084980 and 63/185815). MC reports no conflict of interest in relation with this publication. AC has received speakers’/board honoraria from Actelion (Janssen/J&J), Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene (BMS), Genzyme, Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), Novartis, Roche, and Teva, all for hospital research funds and not related to this publication. He received research support from Biogen, Genzyme, and UCB, the European Union, and the Swiss National Foundation (SNF no. 310030_172952).
Funding Information:
We thank our lab teams and clinical coworkers for their dedication. We thank people with MS that we have the privilege to counsel for their continuous support. Part of the work cited was funded by the Swiss National Fund (SNF no. 310030_172952) to AC.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Immunology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
PY - 2022/6
Y1 - 2022/6
N2 - MS is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. For the past decades, several immunomodulatory disease-modifying treatments with multiple presumed mechanisms of action have been developed, but MS remains an incurable disease. Whereas high efficacy, at least in early disease, corroborates underlying immunopathophysiology, there is profound heterogeneity in clinical presentation as well as immunophenotypes that may also vary over time. In addition, functional plasticity in the immune system as well as in the inflamed CNS further contributes to disease heterogeneity. In this review, we will highlight immune-pathophysiological and associated clinical heterogeneity that may have an implication for more precise immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in MS.
AB - MS is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. For the past decades, several immunomodulatory disease-modifying treatments with multiple presumed mechanisms of action have been developed, but MS remains an incurable disease. Whereas high efficacy, at least in early disease, corroborates underlying immunopathophysiology, there is profound heterogeneity in clinical presentation as well as immunophenotypes that may also vary over time. In addition, functional plasticity in the immune system as well as in the inflamed CNS further contributes to disease heterogeneity. In this review, we will highlight immune-pathophysiological and associated clinical heterogeneity that may have an implication for more precise immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in MS.
KW - precision medicine ⋅ biomarkers ⋅ brain barriers immunotherapy ⋅multiple sclerosis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85129970200&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/eji.202149757
DO - 10.1002/eji.202149757
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35476319
AN - SCOPUS:85129970200
SN - 0014-2980
VL - 52
SP - 869
EP - 881
JO - European Journal of Immunology
JF - European Journal of Immunology
IS - 6
ER -