@article{6c565bf0fa934e7b88ed6115ceb8eddd,
title = "Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management",
abstract = "Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) was identified in 3.2\% of 21 463 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 50 years of age or older. The risk of progression to multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, AL amyloidosis or a lymphoproliferative disorder is approximately 1\% per year. Low-risk MGUS is characterized by having an M protein < 15 g/l, IgG type and a normal free light chain (FLC) ratio. Patients should be followed with serum protein electrophoresis at six months and, if stable, can be followed every 2-3 years or when symptoms suggestive of a plasma cell malignancy arise. Patients with intermediate and high-risk MGUS should be followed in 6 months and then annually for life. The risk of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma (SMM) progressing to multiple myeloma or a related disorder is 10\% per year for the first 5 years, 3\% per year for the next 5 years and 1-2\% per year for the next 10 years. Testing should be done 2-3 months after the initial recognition of SMM. If the results are stable, the patient should be followed every 4-6 months for 1 year and, if stable, every 6-12 months.",
keywords = "International Myeloma Working Group, MGUS, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering multiple myeloma",
author = "Kyle, \{R. A.\} and Durie, \{B. G.M.\} and Rajkumar, \{S. V.\} and O. Landgren and J. Blade and G. Merlini and N. Kr{\"o}ger and H. Einsele and Vesole, \{D. H.\} and M. Dimopoulos and \{San Miguel\}, J. and H. Avet-Loiseau and R. Hajek and Chen, \{W. M.\} and Anderson, \{K. C.\} and H. Ludwig and P. Sonneveld and S. Pavlovsky and A. Palumbo and Richardson, \{P. G.\} and B. Barlogie and P. Greipp and R. Vescio and I. Turesson and J. Westin and M. Boccadoro",
note = "Funding Information: 1Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; 2Aptium Oncology Inc., Cedars-Sinai Outpatient Cancer Center at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 3National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; 4Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; 5Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; 6Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; 7Department of Internal Medicine University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany; 8Hackensack Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA; 9Department of Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; 10Department of Hematology, Servicio de Hematolog{\'i}a, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, CIC, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC) Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; 11Institut de Biologie, Laboratoire d{\textquoteright}Hematologie, Nantes, France; 12Department of Internal Medicine Hematology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; 13Department of Hematology and Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China; 14Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; 151st Medical Department, Center for Oncology and Hematology, Wilhelminenspital, Wien, Vienna, Austria; 16Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 17FUNDALEU, Angelica Ocampo Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 18Divisione di Ematologia, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; 19Departments of Hematology and Pathology, MIRT UAMS, Little Rock, AR, USA; 20Department of Hematology, Malmo University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden and 21Department of Hematology, Sahlgresnka University Hospital, Gottenburg, Sweden",
year = "2010",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1038/leu.2010.60",
language = "English",
volume = "24",
pages = "1121--1127",
journal = "Leukemia",
issn = "0887-6924",
publisher = "Springer Nature",
number = "6",
}