Molecular basis of T cell dysfunction in cancer is influenced by the paracrine secretion of tumor-derived IL-2

Previously we reported that T cells from mice bearing parental tumors have a variety of functional and biochemical defects when compared with T cells from mice bearing IL-2-secreting tumors. The biochemical defects included reduced levels of several cytoplasmic proteins such as p56^lck, p59^fyn, and ζ, all of which are known to be critical for signal transduction through the TCR. Based upon these results, we determined the consequences of these alterations on downstream signaling events. First, we showed that T cells of parental tumor-bearing mice have a reduction of total in vitro kinase activity associated with the TCR/CD3 compared with T cells from mice with IL-2-secreting tumors. Second, we observed that following activation, only T cells from IL-2-secreting tumor-bearing mice had completely phosphorylated CD3-associated ζ-chains and recruited ZAP-70 to cell surface-associated TCR. In contrast, T cells from mice with parental tumors contained incompletely phosphorylated CD3-associated ζ-chains with little or no TCR-associated ZAP-70. Third, the recruitment of ZAP-70 to the TCR/CD3 complex was seen only in animals with an increase in in vitro p56^lck kinase activity after T cell activation. Finally, we report that these defects in T cell signaling were associated with generalized anergy in vivo. Our findings provide a molecular basis to explain T cell suppression of mice with parental tumors and offer a hypothesis to explain the protective effect of tumor-derived IL-2.