Mechanisms of Nontraditional and Lifestyle Interventions for Bone Health

A comprehensive approach to optimal bone health should address the full range of modifiable contributing factors. Dietary intake of vitamins, minerals, micronutrients, and antioxidants, as well as utilization through physical activity, and lifestyle factors such as smoking cessation and moderation of alcohol intake can all potentially affect bone structure and strength. Numerous biochemical mechanisms that underlie the dynamic adaptive bone physiology yield a network of potential targets for nonpharmaceutical interventions. Synergistic effects of multiple approaches may exist, though further study is necessary. An understanding of the mechanisms of specific healthy lifestyle choices and nonpharmaceutical approaches to bone health can enhance clinical decision making.