TY - JOUR
T1 - Maternal immigrant status and signs of neurodevelopmental problems in early childhood
T2 - The French representative ELFE birth cohort
AU - Schmengler, Heiko
AU - El-Khoury Lesueur, Fabienne
AU - Yermachenko, Anna
AU - Taine, Marion
AU - Cohen, David
AU - Peyre, Hugo
AU - Saint-Georges, Catherine
AU - Thierry, Xavier
AU - Melchior, Maria
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PY - 2019/12/1
Y1 - 2019/12/1
N2 - A growing body of evidence suggests that children of immigrants may have increased risks of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, evidence based on parent report and on very young children is lacking. We therefore investigated the association between maternal immigrant status and early signs of neurodevelopmental problems in a population-based sample of 2-year-old children using standardized parent-report instruments. We used data from the French representative Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance birth cohort, initiated in 2011. The study sample included 9,900 children of nonimmigrant French, 1,403 children of second, and 1,171 children of first generation immigrant women followed-up to age 2 years. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) and an adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI). In fully adjusted linear regression models, maternal immigrant status was associated with M-CHAT scores, with stronger associations in children of first (β-coefficient: 0.19; 95% CI 0.08–0.29) than second generation immigrants (0.09; 0.01–0.17). This association was especially strong among children of first generation immigrant mothers native of North Africa (vs. nonimmigrant French: 0.33; 0.16–0.49) and French-speaking Sub-Saharan Africa (0.26; 0.07–0.45). MB-CDI scores were lowest among children of first generation immigrant mothers, particularly from mostly non-francophone regions. Children of first generation immigrant mothers were most likely to have simultaneously low MB-CDI and high M-CHAT scores. Our findings suggest that maternal immigrant status is associated with early signs of neurodevelopmental difficulties, with strong variations according to maternal region of origin. Further research is necessary to test whether these associations persist and to determine the underlying mechanisms. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1845–1859.
AB - A growing body of evidence suggests that children of immigrants may have increased risks of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, evidence based on parent report and on very young children is lacking. We therefore investigated the association between maternal immigrant status and early signs of neurodevelopmental problems in a population-based sample of 2-year-old children using standardized parent-report instruments. We used data from the French representative Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance birth cohort, initiated in 2011. The study sample included 9,900 children of nonimmigrant French, 1,403 children of second, and 1,171 children of first generation immigrant women followed-up to age 2 years. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) and an adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI). In fully adjusted linear regression models, maternal immigrant status was associated with M-CHAT scores, with stronger associations in children of first (β-coefficient: 0.19; 95% CI 0.08–0.29) than second generation immigrants (0.09; 0.01–0.17). This association was especially strong among children of first generation immigrant mothers native of North Africa (vs. nonimmigrant French: 0.33; 0.16–0.49) and French-speaking Sub-Saharan Africa (0.26; 0.07–0.45). MB-CDI scores were lowest among children of first generation immigrant mothers, particularly from mostly non-francophone regions. Children of first generation immigrant mothers were most likely to have simultaneously low MB-CDI and high M-CHAT scores. Our findings suggest that maternal immigrant status is associated with early signs of neurodevelopmental difficulties, with strong variations according to maternal region of origin. Further research is necessary to test whether these associations persist and to determine the underlying mechanisms. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1845–1859.
KW - autism spectrum disorder
KW - child development
KW - developmental disabilities
KW - immigrants
KW - language
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85076197382&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/aur.2181
DO - 10.1002/aur.2181
M3 - Article
C2 - 31373761
AN - SCOPUS:85076197382
SN - 1939-3792
VL - 12
SP - 1845
EP - 1859
JO - Autism Research
JF - Autism Research
IS - 12
ER -