TY - JOUR
T1 - Manufacturing Process of Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers
AU - Hong, Gi Woong
AU - Wan, Jovian
AU - Park, Youngjin
AU - Yoo, Jane
AU - Cartier, Hugues
AU - Garson, Sebastien
AU - Haykal, Diala
AU - Yi, Kyu Ho
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 by the authors.
PY - 2024/10
Y1 - 2024/10
N2 - Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are extensively utilized in aesthetic medicine due to their biocompatibility, reversibility, and effectiveness in enhancing skin hydration, volume, and overall appearance. These fillers are predominantly produced through microbial fermentation, followed by a critical cross-linking process that enhances their longevity by resisting enzymatic degradation. This review provides a thorough examination of the manufacturing processes that differentiate HA fillers, with particular attention to the distinctions between biphasic and monophasic variants. Unlike previous studies, this review emphasizes the specific cross-linking techniques and their substantial impact on the fillers’ rheological properties, such as elasticity and cohesiveness, which are crucial to their clinical performance and patient outcomes. Additionally, the review offers a comprehensive comparison of HA fillers with non-HA alternatives, including calcium hydroxylapatite, poly-l-lactic acid, and polymethyl methacrylate, highlighting the unique advantages and potential complications associated with each type. By presenting novel insights into the latest advancements and challenges in filler technology, this review aims to provide clinicians with a deeper understanding of filler properties, thereby guiding them in making informed decisions to optimize patient safety and aesthetic results.
AB - Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are extensively utilized in aesthetic medicine due to their biocompatibility, reversibility, and effectiveness in enhancing skin hydration, volume, and overall appearance. These fillers are predominantly produced through microbial fermentation, followed by a critical cross-linking process that enhances their longevity by resisting enzymatic degradation. This review provides a thorough examination of the manufacturing processes that differentiate HA fillers, with particular attention to the distinctions between biphasic and monophasic variants. Unlike previous studies, this review emphasizes the specific cross-linking techniques and their substantial impact on the fillers’ rheological properties, such as elasticity and cohesiveness, which are crucial to their clinical performance and patient outcomes. Additionally, the review offers a comprehensive comparison of HA fillers with non-HA alternatives, including calcium hydroxylapatite, poly-l-lactic acid, and polymethyl methacrylate, highlighting the unique advantages and potential complications associated with each type. By presenting novel insights into the latest advancements and challenges in filler technology, this review aims to provide clinicians with a deeper understanding of filler properties, thereby guiding them in making informed decisions to optimize patient safety and aesthetic results.
KW - biphasic fillers
KW - cross-linking
KW - dermal filler
KW - hyaluronic acid fillers
KW - monophasic fillers
KW - non-hyaluronic acid fillers
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85206498390&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/polym16192739
DO - 10.3390/polym16192739
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85206498390
SN - 2073-4360
VL - 16
JO - Polymers
JF - Polymers
IS - 19
M1 - 2739
ER -