Lynch syndrome and muir-torre syndrome: An update and review on the genetics, epidemiology, and management of two related disorders

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch Syndrome, is an autosomal dominant, tumor predisposing disorder usually caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. A subset of HNPCC, Muir-Torre Syndrome (MTS) also involves MMR gene defects and is generally accepted as a variant of HNPCC. MTS is typically characterized by at least one visceral malignancy and one cutaneous neoplasm of sebaceous differentiation, with or without keratoacanthomas. In either version of the disorder, nonfunctional MMR systems lead to the loss of genomic integrity, marked commonly by mismatches in repetitive DNA sequences, resulting in microsatellite instabilities. Deleterious nucleotide alterations ultimately drive the process of tumorigenesis in both HNPCC and MTS. The following article reviews the epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation, and management of HNPCC and its MTS variant.