Lower extremity manifestations of neuromuscular diseases

Neuromuscular disorders must be considered when a patient presents with apes cavus deformity; lower extremity weakness; difficulty in walking; or cramps, stiffness, fatigue, pain, or paresthesia in the extremities. In those instances in which a neurologic disease is considered, distinctions between central and peripheral nervous system origin, focal versus generalized pathology, and static versus progressive course are critical in the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder. The complexities of the nervous system often result in missed or delayed diagnosis of these syndromes. Patients affected with neurologic diseases often require diagnostic and therapeutic interventions from various specialists. This article presents a systematic approach to the patient with a neurologic disorder, with special emphasis on neuromuscular manifestations in the lower extremities. Key observations to aid in the recognition of neuromuscular dysfunction are presented, along with an approach to diagnostic evaluation and management for these patients.