@article{161443f4012042b1a27207f609b14ed0,
title = "Longitudinal changes in bone lead levels: The VA normative aging study",
abstract = "Objective: Bone lead is a cumulative measure of lead exposure that can also be remobilized. We examined repeated measures of bone lead over 11 years to characterize long-term changes and identify predictors of tibia and patella lead stores in an elderly male population. Methods: Lead was measured every 3 to 5 years by k-x-ray fluorescence and mixed-effect models with random effects were used to evaluate change over time. Results: A total of 554 participants provided up to four bone lead measurements. Final models predicted a -1.4% annual decline (95% CI: -2.2 to -0.7) for tibia lead and piecewise linear model for patella with an initial decline of 5.1% per year (95% CI: -6.2 to -3.9) during the first 4.6 years but no significant change thereafter (-0.4% [95% CI: -2.4 to 1.7]). Conclusions: These results suggest that bone lead half-life may be longer than previously reported.",
author = "Elissa Wilker and Susan Korrick and Nie, {Linda H.} and David Sparrow and Pantel Vokonas and Brent Coull and Wright, {Robert O.} and Joel Schwartz and Howard Hu",
note = "Funding Information: This study utilizes data from the Normative Aging Study, a longitudinal closed-cohort study of aging established by the Veterans Administration in 1963, which enrolled men, aged 21 to 80, living in the Boston metropolitan area. Participants were recruited to represent a broad range of socioeconomic characteristics in terms of education and occupation. 13 Every 3 to 5 years, participants returned for follow-up visits and filled out questionnaires on smoking history, education level, food intake, and other risk factors for chronic disease. This study was approved by the Human Research Committees of Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic in Boston, and the Harvard School of Public Health and all participants provided written informed consent. Age, smoking, medication use, physical activity, and dietary intake were assessed at the time of each visit. The cumulative number of pack-years smoked was calculated for current and former smokers. Micro- and macronutrient information was obtained from food frequency questionnaire data, which has been shown to more accurately reflect usual dietary intake than 24-hour recall. 14 Information on the reproducibility of this method in men has been published elsewhere. 15 ",
year = "2011",
month = aug,
doi = "10.1097/JOM.0b013e31822589a9",
language = "English",
volume = "53",
pages = "850--855",
journal = "Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine",
issn = "1076-2752",
publisher = "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Ltd.",
number = "8",
}