Left ventricular mechanics of counterpulsation and left heart bypass, individually and in combination

Counterpulsation and left heart bypass devices have been successfully used to salvage patients with severe left ventricular power failure following cardiopulmonary bypass. Each of these techniques is believed to reduce or minimize myocardial work, yet the effects of these devices on the force of myocardial contraction have not been defined. In the present investigation the effects of counterpulsation produced by intravascular (intra-aortic balloon pumping) and extravascular (pulsatile assist device) balloon devices, partial left atrial-aortic bypass, and total bypass on left ventricular mechanics were examined. The devices were studied individually and in combination in 10 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Left ventricular wall stress, external work, and contractility indices were calculated by computer using a changing volume spherical model of the left ventricle. Results indicate that although all currently available circulatory assist devices reduced peak left ventricular wall stress, a spectrum of relative effectiveness progressed from intra-aortic balloon pumping or pulsatile assist device alone through the combination intra-aortic balloon pumping plus the pulsatile assist device. Partial left heart bypass was more effective than intra-aortic balloon pumping plus the pulsatile assist device in reducing peak wall stress, but the difference was small. Total left heart bypass was vastly superior to any of the other modalities tested in its effects on peak wall stress as well as external work. The addition of counterpulsation to partial or total left heart bypass produced minimal changes in left ventricular systolic mechanics.