@article{2c23bfcfcf784064b80e5e9022cdaf0d,
title = "John H. Gibbon Jr, and the 60th Anniversary of the first successful heart-lung machine",
keywords = "Gibbon, anesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiovascular, heart-lung machine, surgery",
author = "Castillo, \{Javier G.\} and George Silvay",
note = "Funding Information: After a forced break due to World War II, Gibbon recruiteda group of residents and medical students to resume his research activities and overcome technical difficulties such as hemolysis and the inability to oxygenate large volumes of blood (future applicability in humans), as well as to obtain financial support. The latter was solved after one of Gibbon's students, E.J. Clark, introduced International Business Machines' (IBM) Chairman Thomas J. Watson to Gibbon using his father-in-law's connections. Watson immediately became very interested in Gibbon's project and provided great financial and logistic support. Watson assigned his chief engineer, Gustav Malmros, to further optimize the mechanism of the future heart-lung machine, especially the oxygenation process. While in this position (1946-1953), Malmros built 3 different machines fully funded by IBM. The first machine was used only for research and had a rotating cylinder. The second and third machines included vertical screen oxygenators and DeBakey roller pumps and were used clinically. This association with IBM led to an expansion of the research team, where engineers and fellows made key achievements including increasing the size of the oxygenator, the development of a negative pressure respirator to prevent metabolic acidosis, and the addition of a rudimentary filter to prevent clot formation. As a result, over a 3-year period, the mortality rates associated with experiments in larger animal models had decreased from 80\% to 12\%, and the team felt that the time had come for the clinical application of the heart-lung machine in humans. 5 ",
year = "2013",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1053/j.jvca.2012.11.004",
language = "English",
volume = "27",
pages = "203--207",
journal = "Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia",
issn = "1053-0770",
publisher = "W.B. Saunders",
number = "2",
}