TY - JOUR
T1 - Ionic Liquid-Modified Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Strip for Analysis of Fentanyl
AU - Goodchild, Sarah A.
AU - Hubble, Lee J.
AU - Mishra, Rupesh K.
AU - Li, Zhanhong
AU - Goud, K. Yugender
AU - Barfidokht, Abbas
AU - Shah, Rushabh
AU - Bagot, Kara S.
AU - McIntosh, Alastair J.S.
AU - Wang, Joseph
N1 - Funding Information:
Financial support from The Defense Threat Reduction Agency Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (HDTRA 1-16-1-0013) and the UCSD Center of Wearable Sensors (CWS) is acknowledged. S.A.G. acknowledges funding from the UK Ministry of Defence. L.J.H. acknowledges travel support from the Research Plus Julius Career Award by CSIRO. Z.L. acknowledges funding from 2018 Shanghai Young and Middle-aged Teachers’ Foreign Visiting Program. Content includes material subject to Crown copyright (2019), Dstl. This material is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://www. nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or e-mail: psi@ nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 American Chemical Society.
PY - 2019/3/5
Y1 - 2019/3/5
N2 - The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1pyrr][NTf2], toward such rapid "on-the-spot" fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at -0.235 and -0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the "point of need".
AB - The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1pyrr][NTf2], toward such rapid "on-the-spot" fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at -0.235 and -0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the "point of need".
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85062399491&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00176
DO - 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00176
M3 - Article
C2 - 30773004
AN - SCOPUS:85062399491
SN - 0003-2700
VL - 91
SP - 3747
EP - 3753
JO - Analytical Chemistry
JF - Analytical Chemistry
IS - 5
ER -