In vitro and in vivo models for the study of EV-D68 infection

Yuan Teng Hooi, Vinod R.M.T. Balasubramaniam

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

Abstract

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is one of hundreds of non-polio enteroviruses that typically cause cold-like respiratory illness. The first EV-D68 outbreak in the United States in 2014 aroused widespread concern among the public and health authorities. The infection was found to be associated with increased surveillance of acute flaccid myelitis, a neurological condition that causes limb paralysis in conjunction with spinal cord inflammation. In vitro studies utilising two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have been employed to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of EV-D68. Various animal models have also been developed to investigate viral tropism and distribution, pathogenesis, and immune responses during EV-D68 infection. EV-D68 infections have primarily been investigated in respiratory, intestinal and neural cell lines/tissues, as well as in small-size immunocompetent rodent models that were limited to a young age. Some studies have implemented strategies to overcome the barriers by using immunodeficient mice or virus adaptation. Although the existing models may not fully recapitulate both respiratory and neurological disease observed in human EV-D68 infection, they have been valuable for studying pathogenesis and evaluating potential vaccine or therapeutic candidates. In this review, we summarise the methodologies and findings from each experimental model and discuss their applications and limitations.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)907-916
Number of pages10
JournalPathology
Volume55
Issue number7
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 2023
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Enterovirus D68
  • acute flaccid myelitis
  • animal models
  • enterovirus
  • in vitro
  • in vivo
  • neurovirulence
  • pathogenesis

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