Impacts of Emergency Vehicle Marking Characteristics and Wearable Lights on Driver Responses

Retroreflective markings provide important visual information to drivers about emergency vehicles and the incidents at which they are working. A stationary outdoor field study to investigate the impacts of emergency vehicle marking color, retroreflectivity level, and spatial patterns on drivers’ ability to see nearby emergency responders was carried out. The study also examined the impacts of a wearable flashing light-emitting diode (LED) light. Based on the results, agencies should use materials with higher levels of retroreflectivity carefully, especially when they will be covering large-area vehicle surfaces. Limiting the maximum retroreflectivity level to no greater than American Society for Testing and Materials Type III may help lessen negative impacts of bright reflective materials on drivers’ ability to see emergency responders. As long as the average reflectivity of different color combinations is similar to that of red and yellow reflective markings, chevron patterns with those color combinations will not reduce emergency responder visibility. Outline patterns of reflective markings on vehicles performed similarly at night to patterns covering most of the vehicle surface. The effectiveness of using high-retroreflectivity materials in an outline pattern in combination with lower- (or non-) retroreflectivity materials elsewhere on the surface should be studied. Wearable flashing LED lights can make emergency responders easier to see at night, provided they do not increase glare to approaching drivers.