Immunologic approaches toward detection of type C viral expression in man

Type C RNA viruses have been isolated from a large number of mammalian species. These agents may be horizontally transmitted as infectious cancer‐inducing agents, or vertically transmitted from one generation to the next, often in an unexpressed form, within the host genome. To date, the translational products of three viral genes have been identified. With purified virus‐coded proteins as probes, sensitive and highly specific radio‐immunologic assays have been developed for the detection of antibodies and antigens related to the known type C viruses. These techniques have proved valuable in sero‐epidemiologic studies of the horizontally transmitted oncogenic viruses of cats, cattle, and gibbons, and have been used to detect translational products of endogenous viruses in tissues of species from which complete virus has yet to be isolated. This review describes the application of radio‐immunoassays in the search for immunologic evidence of type C virus expression in man.