TY - JOUR
T1 - Genetic immune escape in cancer
T2 - timing and implications for treatment
AU - Martínez-Jiménez, Francisco
AU - Chowell, Diego
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - Genetic immune escape (GIE) alterations pose a significant challenge in cancer by enabling tumors to evade immune detection. These alterations, which can vary significantly across cancer types, may often arise early in clonal evolution and contribute to malignant transformation. As tumors evolve, GIE alterations are positively selected, allowing immune-resistant clones to proliferate. In addition to genetic changes, the tumor microenvironment (TME) and non-genetic factors such as inflammation, smoking, and environmental exposures play crucial roles in promoting immune evasion. Understanding the timing and mechanisms of GIE, alongside microenvironmental influences, is crucial for improving early detection and developing more effective therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the implications of GIE in cancer development and immunotherapy resistance, and emphasizes the need for integrative approaches.
AB - Genetic immune escape (GIE) alterations pose a significant challenge in cancer by enabling tumors to evade immune detection. These alterations, which can vary significantly across cancer types, may often arise early in clonal evolution and contribute to malignant transformation. As tumors evolve, GIE alterations are positively selected, allowing immune-resistant clones to proliferate. In addition to genetic changes, the tumor microenvironment (TME) and non-genetic factors such as inflammation, smoking, and environmental exposures play crucial roles in promoting immune evasion. Understanding the timing and mechanisms of GIE, alongside microenvironmental influences, is crucial for improving early detection and developing more effective therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the implications of GIE in cancer development and immunotherapy resistance, and emphasizes the need for integrative approaches.
KW - HLA
KW - immune escape
KW - immunotherapy resistance
KW - precancer
KW - tumor evolution
KW - tumor microenvironment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85211056660&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.11.002
DO - 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.11.002
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85211056660
SN - 2405-8033
JO - Trends in Cancer
JF - Trends in Cancer
ER -