@article{e435d1cfd5594794a63b260aa19f86e5,
title = "Further understanding of the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder in adults: An MRI study of cortical thickness",
abstract = "Although Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder (BPD) frequently co-occur and represent a particularly morbid clinical form of both disorders, neuroimaging research addressing this comorbidity is scarce. Our aim was to evaluate cortical thickness in ADHD and BPD, testing the hypothesis that comorbid subjects (ADHD. +. BPD) would have neuroanatomical correlates of both disorders. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings were compared between 31 adults with ADHD. +. BPD, 18 with BPD, 26 with ADHD, and 23 healthy controls. Cortical thickness analysis of regions of interest was estimated as a function of ADHD and BPD status, using linear regression models. BPD was associated with significantly thicker cortices in 13 regions, independently of ADHD status and ADHD was associated with significantly thinner neocortical gray matter in 28 regions, independent of BPD. In the comorbid state of ADHD plus BPD, the profile of cortical abnormalities consisted of structures that are altered in both disorders individually. Results support the hypothesis that ADHD and BPD independently contribute to cortical thickness alterations of selective and distinct brain structures, and that the comorbid state represents a combinatory effect of the two. Attention to comorbidity is necessary to help clarify the heterogeneous neuroanatomy of both BPD and ADHD.",
keywords = "ADHD, BPD, Comorbidity, Cortical thickness, MRI",
author = "Nikos Makris and Seidman, {Larry J.} and Ariel Brown and Valera, {Eve M.} and Kaiser, {Jonathan R.} and Petty, {Carter R.} and Lichen Liang and Megan Aleardi and Denise Boriel and Henderson, {Carly S.} and Michelle Giddens and Faraone, {Stephen V.} and Spencer, {Thomas J.} and Joseph Biederman",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Sharmila Bandyopadhyay, Katherine Crum, Kalika Kelkar, Alexandra Lomedico, Snezana Milanovic, Michael Monuteaux, Michael Schiller, Heidi Thermenos, Michael Vitulano, and our research study volunteers for their generous assistance. This research was primarily supported by a grant from the NIMH MH 62152 (LJS) and the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression Distinguished Investigator Award (JB). Preparation of this article was also supported in part by grants from: NIDA 1R01DA027804-01 , NIMH 1R21MH084041-01A1 , ARRA-NIH-NCCAM (NM); the Janssen Pharmaceuticals and the Johnson and Johnson Center for the Study of Psychopathology (JB); the Fairway Trust (DK); the National Research Service Award (NIMH F32 MH065040-01A1 ), the Peter Livingston Fellowship through the Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, and the Clinical Research Training Program Fellowship in Biological and Social Psychiatry MH-16259 (EMV); The National Center for Research Resources ( P41RR14075 ); the March of Dimes Foundation (LJS), and the Mental Illness and Neuroscience Discovery (MIND) Institute (LJS). ",
year = "2012",
month = apr,
day = "30",
doi = "10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.11.003",
language = "English",
volume = "202",
pages = "1--11",
journal = "Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging",
issn = "0925-4927",
publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
number = "1",
}