TY - JOUR
T1 - Epidemiology of bladder cancer in Alexandria, Egypt
T2 - Tobacco smoking
AU - Bedwani, Ramez
AU - El-Khwsky, Fayek
AU - Renganathan, Elil
AU - Braga, Claudia
AU - Abu Seif, Hoda H.
AU - Azm, Tosson Abul
AU - Zaki, Adel
AU - Franceschi, Silvia
AU - Boffetta, Paolo
AU - La Vecchia, Carlo
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was primarily supported by the National Fundamental Research 973 Program of China (2013CB430101), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 41322032, 41475015, and 41275031), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities of China (NCET-13-0287), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. We would also like to acknowledge the China Meteorological Administration for collecting and archiving the radar data used in this study. Data used in this work are from the National Fundamental Research 973 Program of China (2013CB430101). The data of this paper have been uploaded to ftp:// 114.212.52.5 for public sharing. The username is iop11 and the password is iop11iop11. We also thank the Editor and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions that improved our paper.
PY - 1997
Y1 - 1997
N2 - The relationship between smoking and bladder cancer risk was investigated using data from a case-control study conducted between January 1994 and July 1996 in Alexandria, Egypt. Cases were 151 males with incident, histologically confirmed invasive cancer of the bladder, and controls were 157 males admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-urinary tract, non-smoking-related conditions. With reference to never smokers, ex-smokers had a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 4.4 [95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.7- [1.7] and current smokers of 6.6 (95% Cl 3.1-13.9). The ORs were 5.4 for <20 and 7.6 for ≤20 cigarettes per day. After adjustment for cigarette smoking, the ORs were 0.8 for waterpipe and 0.4 for hashish smokers. The risk was significantly related to duration of smoking (OR of 16.5 for >40 years), and inversely related to age at starting (OR of 8.8 for starting <20 years), and inversely related to time since quitting smoking. Compared with never smokers who did not report a clinical history of schistosomiasis, the OR was 9.4 for smokers with a history of schistosomiasis, and 10.7 for smokers ever employed in high-risk occupations compared with non-smokers not reporting such a history. Thus, our results, while not giving indications of an increased bladder cancer risk with habits other than cigarette smoking, found a remarkably strong association with various measures of cigarette smoking that could explain 75% of bladder cancer cases among males from Alexandria. The prevalence of smoking was very low among women, and consequently tobacco was not a relevant risk factor for female bladder cancer.
AB - The relationship between smoking and bladder cancer risk was investigated using data from a case-control study conducted between January 1994 and July 1996 in Alexandria, Egypt. Cases were 151 males with incident, histologically confirmed invasive cancer of the bladder, and controls were 157 males admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-urinary tract, non-smoking-related conditions. With reference to never smokers, ex-smokers had a multivariate odds ratio (OR) of 4.4 [95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.7- [1.7] and current smokers of 6.6 (95% Cl 3.1-13.9). The ORs were 5.4 for <20 and 7.6 for ≤20 cigarettes per day. After adjustment for cigarette smoking, the ORs were 0.8 for waterpipe and 0.4 for hashish smokers. The risk was significantly related to duration of smoking (OR of 16.5 for >40 years), and inversely related to age at starting (OR of 8.8 for starting <20 years), and inversely related to time since quitting smoking. Compared with never smokers who did not report a clinical history of schistosomiasis, the OR was 9.4 for smokers with a history of schistosomiasis, and 10.7 for smokers ever employed in high-risk occupations compared with non-smokers not reporting such a history. Thus, our results, while not giving indications of an increased bladder cancer risk with habits other than cigarette smoking, found a remarkably strong association with various measures of cigarette smoking that could explain 75% of bladder cancer cases among males from Alexandria. The prevalence of smoking was very low among women, and consequently tobacco was not a relevant risk factor for female bladder cancer.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0030753345&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970926)73:1<64::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-5
DO - 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970926)73:1<64::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-5
M3 - Article
C2 - 9334811
AN - SCOPUS:0030753345
SN - 0020-7136
VL - 73
SP - 64
EP - 67
JO - International Journal of Cancer
JF - International Journal of Cancer
IS - 1
ER -