Epicardial Intraoperative Three-Dimensional Mapping of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in a Child With Ebstein's Anomaly

Catheter ablation of arrhythmias in small patients has inherent significant risk because of the patient, catheter, and lesion size. Heart block, perforation, and coronary damage may occur. This report shows adaptation of a three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system for intraoperative use in a small patient with Ebstein's anomaly who was undergoing a cone procedure and a bidirectional Glenn procedure. Use of this technique gave clear identification of the epicardial insertion points of two accessory pathways causing Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and resistant episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. Successful three-dimensional mapping and cryoablation were performed with a short procedure time and no complications. The patient remains without preexcitation or arrhythmia 6 months postoperatively.