Enzymatic catalysis in monophasic organic solvents

Enzymatic catalysis in nonaqueous media significantly extends conventional aqueous-based biocatalysis. Enzymes are active in organic solvents, supercritical fluids, and gaseous solvents. This paper reviews the properties and applications of enzymatic catalysis in monophasic organic solvent systems. These systems are distinct from other nonaqueous-based solvent designs (e.g., biphasic and reverse micellar) as no separate aqueous phase is present. Attention is focused on the factors that influence enzymatic catalysis in monophasic solvents including the role of enzyme-associated water, the nature of the biocatalyst preparation, and the properties of the organic solvent. Recent examples of relevant applications are discussed that highlight both the controlling variables of enzymatic catalysis in monophasic solvents as well as the potential for using this new technology in biocatalysis.