Emerging meningioma therapies II: Immunotherapies, novel radiotherapy techniques, and other experimental approaches

The success of checkpoint inhibitors has expanded the treatment regimens significantly for patients with solid tumors. As such, emerging data suggests that immunotherapy may play a role in the treatment of recurrent and high-grade meningiomas. There are several immunotherapy agents currently under active investigation in clinical trials. In addition to immunotherapy, novel radiotherapy techniques, including carbon ion therapy, brachytherapy, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, and radiosensitizers may support improvements in clinical outcomes for meningioma patients. The efficacy of many of these techniques is being investigated in clinical trials. In this chapter, we will discuss these novel therapeutic approaches, as well as other novel experimental avenues, such as tumor treatment fields, and ideas for additional clinical trials that warrant investigation.