Do β-chemokines have clinical relevance in HIV infection?

The role of β-chemokines in HIV infection was evaluated. The kinetics of regulated upon activation of normal T cell expressed and secreted, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β production by stimulated T lymphocytes did not differ substantially between HIV-infected (asymptomatic and with AIDS) and uninfected subjects. Maximal production of these β-chemokines by activated peripheral blood cells was higher in the infected individuals than in uninfected individuals, but no significant difference was observed between healthy infected subjects and AIDS patients. Evaluation of the effect of HIV replication on β-chemokine production indicated that acute infection of CD4+ T cells with non-syncytia- inducing (NSI) viruses generally increased β-chemokine production two to eightfold, whereas with SI strains, it led to decreased production. The sensitivity of an individual's virus to β-chemokine-mediated inhibition correlated with the NSI virus phenotype and a healthy clinical state. 50% of the AIDS patients, however, had NSI viruses that were sensitive to β- chemokines. Finally, anti-β-chemokine-neutralizing antibodies caused a more rapid release of HIV by CD4+ T cells naturally infected by NSI, but not SI, viruses indicating that endogenously produced chemokines can affect HIV production in culture. These findings suggest that β-chemokines may affect HIV replication when an NSI virus is involved, but provide little evidence that they substantially influence HIV infection and pathogenesis.