Data Collection, Surveillance, and Response to Epidemics and Pandemics in Refugee Settings

Essential elements of responding to epidemics and pandemics rest on early detection and rapid assessment, active and adapted surveillance system to detect trends, appropriate definitions, proper data collection methods at social and healthcare levels, early application of generic as well as specific prevention and containment strategies, and identification and early treatment of cases. Pragmatic adapted infection control strategies, isolation procedures and quarantine capacities, practical medical care plans, follow-up care and referral system, training of health care and surveillance personnel, and rehabilitation or recovery plans need to be developed and applied. Broader foundational activities should include effective leadership planning with team approaches across disciplines, crisis management with committees and action plans, logistical support and supply chain, organizational and communication strategies, coordination with actors across sectors, availability and access to external resources, environmental assessment and control, and local capacity building. SARS-Cov-2 pandemic compels additional considerations due to high transmissibility and resultant excess morbidity, a relatively high case-fatality in vulnerable groups, risks to health personnel, extensive isolation and quarantine needs, and lack of access to testing, treatment, and vaccines. General prevention and management strategies may need significant adaptation or modifications for SARS-Cov-2. In this chapter, we will discuss these key response features and pillars.