@article{686d165aecfa4445901e91bb356d7d5a,
title = "Critical evaluation of the Crede maneuver: A urodynamic study of 207 patients",
abstract = "The efficacy of Crede's maneuver to promote voiding was evaluated prospectively in 207 patients with a variety of lower urinary tract disorders. The normal response to Crede's maneuver was a contraction of the external urethral sphincter (the Crede effect), an increase in urethral pressure and maintained closure of the vesical neck. Relaxation of the external urethral sphincter and synchronous opening of the bladder neck during Crede's maneuver were seen in only 4 patients (2%). We conclude that Crede's maneuver is an inefficient method of bladder emptying in the majority of patients and even when voiding is accomplished with Crede's maneuver it usually is grossly inefficient and associated with significant urethral obstruction.",
author = "Barbalias, {G. A.} and Klauber, {G. T.} and Blaivas, {J. G.}",
note = "Funding Information: Manuscript received March 19, 1992; accepted for publication April 24, 1992. This work was supported by USPHS, NIH grants POl AR38923 and T32 AR 7 561, and the Dermatology Foundation. Dr. Soli berg was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (So 239/1-1). Reprint requests to: Dr. Jouni Uitto, Jefferson M.edical College, Department of Dermatology, 233 South 10th Street, Room 450, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Abbreviations: EMZ: basement membrane zone EP: bullous pemphigoid BPAG1: 230-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen BPAG2: 180-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen BSA: bovine serum albumin DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medi\.tm EDT A: ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase KGM: keratinocyte growth medium TGF-P: transforming growth factor-p",
year = "1983",
doi = "10.1016/S0022-5347(17)51423-8",
language = "English",
volume = "130",
pages = "720--723",
journal = "Journal of Urology",
issn = "0022-5347",
publisher = "Wolters Kluwer Health",
number = "4",
}