Critical Care and Mechanical Ventilation Practices Surrounding Liver Transplantation in Children: A Multicenter Collaborative∗

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine which characteristics and management approaches were associated with postoperative invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and with a prolonged course of IMV in children post liver transplant as well as describing the utilization of critical care resources. DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter, cohort study of children who underwent an isolated liver transplantation between January 2017 and December 2018. SETTING: Twelve U.S., pediatric, liver transplant centers. PATIENTS: Three hundred thirty children post liver transplant admitted to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Six patients died in our cohort. The median length of PICU stay was 4.5 days (interquartile range [IQR], 2.9-8.2 d). Most patients were initially monitored with arterial catheters (96%), central venous pressures (95%), and liver ultrasound (93%). Anticoagulation (80%), blood product administration (52.4%), and vasoactive agents (23.0%) were commonly used therapies in the first 7 days. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.9 [0.86-0.95]), open fascia (aOR 7.0 [95% CI, 2.6-18.9]), large center size (aOR 4.3 [95% CI 2.2-8.3]), and higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease/Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease scores (aOR 1.04 [95% CI, 1.01-1.06]) were associated with postoperative IMV. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, postoperative day 0 peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) (aOR 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1-1.3]), large center size (aOR 2.9 [95% CI, 1.6-5.4]), and age (aOR 0.89 [95% CI, 0.85-0.95]) were associated with length of IMV greater than 24 hours. Length of IMV greater than 24 hours was associated with bleeding complications (p = 0.03), infections (p = 0.03), graft loss (p = 0.02), and reoperation (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Younger age, preoperative hospitalization, large center size, and open fascia are associated with use of IMV, and younger age, large center size, and postoperative day 0 PIP are associated with prolonged IMV on multivariable analysis. Longer IMV is associated with negative outcomes, making it an important clinical marker.