Complications after vaginoplasty

Complications after penile inversion vaginoplasty vary from minor infections to potentially devastating fistula. Complications distinct to vaginoplasty can be categorized as intraoperative, early or perioperative, and late complications. Intraoperative complications after vaginoplasty include rectal injury or profuse urethral bleeding. Early postoperative complications range from wound dehiscence, infection to granulation tissue. Late complications include vaginal stenosis and fistula among others which are described. For intraoperative complications, prompt diagnosis and management help minimize the negative sequelae of the complication. Complications in the immediate postoperative period can often be managed without surgical intervention. Late complications such as vaginal stenosis may require surgical intervention for correction. We present common and/or major complications that can occur after vaginoplasty and techniques to diagnose and manage these complications.