Cardiac ultrasound for pediatric emergencies

Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) provides real-time views of the heart to an-swer specific questions in a timely manner. This is a valuable tool for managing pediatric patients, from those with congenital heart disease to those who are critically ill. The main echocardiographic findings of pericardial tamponade consist of a pericardial effusion, diastolic right ventricular collapse, systolic right atrial collapse, and a plethoric inferior vena cava with minimal respiratory variation. The main echocardiographic findings of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy consist of increased wall thickness (concentric or eccentric), systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet, and a dynamic sub-aortic left ventricular out-flow tract obstruction. Additional uses of cardiac POCUS include assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy and the detection of pediatric congenital heart disease, including detection of a patent ductus arteriosus. The use of POCUS in the pediatric population is supported by societal position statements and is expected to develop further with increasingly robust education and training.