TY - JOUR
T1 - Beyond pattern recognition
T2 - Five immune checkpoints for scaling the microbial threat
AU - Blander, J. Magarian
AU - Sander, Leif E.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank R. Medzhitov for critical reading of the manuscript. J.M.B. is a Burroughs Wellcome Investigator in the pathogenesis of infectious disease, and is also supported by grants from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the American Cancer Society and the Hirschl Trust Fund. L.E.S. is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
PY - 2012/3
Y1 - 2012/3
N2 - Pattern recognition by the innate immune system enables the detection of microorganisms, but how the level of microbial threat is evaluated - a process that is crucial for eliciting measured antimicrobial responses with minimal inflammatory tissue damage - is less well understood. New evidence has shown that features of microbial viability can be detected by the immune system and thereby induce robust responses that are not warranted for dead microorganisms. Here, we propose five immune checkpoints that, as defined here, collectively determine the gravity of microbial encounters.
AB - Pattern recognition by the innate immune system enables the detection of microorganisms, but how the level of microbial threat is evaluated - a process that is crucial for eliciting measured antimicrobial responses with minimal inflammatory tissue damage - is less well understood. New evidence has shown that features of microbial viability can be detected by the immune system and thereby induce robust responses that are not warranted for dead microorganisms. Here, we propose five immune checkpoints that, as defined here, collectively determine the gravity of microbial encounters.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84857546470
U2 - 10.1038/nri3167
DO - 10.1038/nri3167
M3 - Review article
C2 - 22362354
AN - SCOPUS:84857546470
SN - 1474-1733
VL - 12
SP - 215
EP - 225
JO - Nature Reviews Immunology
JF - Nature Reviews Immunology
IS - 3
ER -