BC200 RNA: A neural RNA polymerase III product encoded by a monomeric Alu element

We demonstrate that the BC200 RNA gene, which encodes a neural small cytoplasmic RNA, is a member of the most prodigious family of interspersed repetitive DNA and that its product represents an example of a primate tissue-specific RNA polymerase III transcript. The BC200 RNA gene is an early monomeric member and one of the few postulated transcriptionally active Alu sequences in this family of nearly half a million retropositionally amplified elements dispersed throughout the human genome. Furthermore, the isolation of two pseudogenes, BC200β and BC200γ, demonstrates the gene's transpositional ability. Interestingly, the BC200β pseudogene may have been generated by a conversion-like event after the human/chimpanzee divergence, resulting in an exchange of the left arm of a dimeric Alu element with the BC200 RNA coding sequence. Our data on conserved features of the active BC200α gene suggest that its RNA product has been "exapted" into a function of the primate brain and provides a selective advantage to the species.